Bachelor-Seminar Connected and Mobile Systems

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) can be used for multiple different application scenarios, like smart farming or smart cities, to collect data from the environment. Every node inside the network forwards its collected data towards a central node, i.e. the network sink. Depending on the technology used, the area covered by the WSN may be bigger than the transmission range of the nodes, which makes the usage of multi-hop routing necessary.

Routing Protocoll for Low Power and Lossy Network (RPL) is a multi-hop routing protocol that was developed with the challenges of WSNs in mind. One of them beeing the requirement for high customizability, which stems from the different requirements the use cases for WSNs may have. One way to customize an RPL implementation are the metric and the Objective Function (OF), which control the routing decisions a node makes when forwarding data to the network sink.

The first step of your task consists of giving an overview on how RPL enables routing towards the network sink. In the second step you will present four different OFs/metrics and compare them against each other. These will be the two OFs presented by the IETF and two metrics/OFs presented in literature that you will select yourself.

• rfc 6550 - RPL
• rfc 6551 - RPL Metrics
• rfc 6552 - Objective Function Zero (OF0)
• rfc 6719 - The Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function (MRHOF)

Time Series Forecasting can be used to make predictions based on historical data in many different applications. This includes for example weather forecasting or economic forecasting. In this thesis however, the focus is on explaining the basics of Time Series Forecasting with the use case of Wireless Sensor Networks in mind.

The papers below can be used as a start point for your own literature search.

• 25 years of time series forecasting
• Time-series forecasting with deep learning: a survey
• Time Series Data Analysis of Wireless Sensor Network Measurements of Temperature
• Forecasting methods to reduce energy consumption in WSN

Vehilcular Communication (V2X) is the next step in the evovlution of safer traffic. Here, different, standardized messages are exchanged between vehicles, as well as infrastructure components, to enable traffic safety and efficiency applications via radio communcation. These mesasges contain information regarding the sending vehilce, i.e. position, speed, acceleration, and may influcence the driving behavior of the receiver. While a "traffic jam ahead" warning message for example, will mostly cause weaker deceleration response as the "emergency break" warning message when it is relevevant for the receiver. However, not only vehicles are capable to send these standardized messsages. Also attackers or vehilces might send messages with malicious intend. The task of this seminar will be to review literature for attacker models, different kinds of attacks and their classification and present counter measures.

• Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems Standards in Europe
• Cooperative ITS security framework: Standards and implementations progress in Europe

In recent years, the Linux kernel community has developed a lightweight in-kernel virtual machine called eBPF. Due to it’s limitations, eBPF has mainly been used for three purposes: 1. Networking 2. Security 3. Observability & tracing.

Zandberg et al. ported eBPF to RIOT and named it rBPF. On top of that, they developed Femto Containers. rBPF is a solution to run isolated software modules on microcontrollers without extending the hardware with techonoliges like TrustZone-M.
With Femto Containers, the authors aim to enable containerization, virtualization and deployment of software modules on microcontrollers. They see it as an alternative for other runtime-based systems like MicroPython or Webassambly.

First, describe eBPF and rBPF in detail. Then discuss use cases for rBPF and advantages compared to similar technologies.

• https://ebpf.io/
• rBPF
• Femto Containers